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非法采砂令东南亚各国付出环境代价

by Yee Loon
03/07/2018
in 新闻, 环境
Reading Time: 1 min read
0

全球每年对建筑材料的需求量达到300至400亿吨,其中砂石就占了半数,是仅次于水源,人类开采、使用最多的天然资源。

近五年,中国和印度大兴土木,中国国内建设发展迅速,仅一年就铺设了12万6千公里的大道。对于砂石的需求量大,仅2011至2014年,其混凝土建材用料总和相当于美国在整个20世纪的用量。

当这些国家内的砂石供不应求,促成了国际砂石的贸易。许多国家包括新加坡,都有向泰国,缅甸,柬埔寨,印尼和马来西亚等国,进口砂石,然而其中有也有来自非法采砂的供应。

在斯里兰卡,挖沙造成环境破坏,挖沙也拉低水平面,污染饮水源;挖砂留下一坑坑死水,引起霍乱肆虐。

位于砂拉越,被警方侦破的非法采砂活动。(图源:诗华日报)

2014年,沙石占了全球采集矿产的85巴仙。暴增需求量推高砂石价格,鼓励非法挖砂活动。每年采砂总值500亿英镑,在砂石稀缺的地方,每平方米砂石售价可高达62英镑。

有人或许会问,既然中东和沙哈拉沙漠拥有大片砂石,为何非得用河砂或海砂?原因在于沙漠的砂经过长期风化摩擦变得非常圆润无棱,相对下海砂河砂则更容易与混凝土完美融合。即便是杜拜的摩天高楼,建材也不来自周边沙漠,用的砂石却是进口自远方的澳洲。

黑心采砂不在乎环境问题

如果从偏远内陆河床或小岛沙滩,就能采集到源源不绝的砂石,为何要花钱向合法砂矿买砂?

砂石有价致使这些黑心商家铤而走险,挖取砂石谋取无本暴利,根本不在乎对环境造成的破坏,甚至挖掉整座岛、一系列的岛屿,也在所不惜。

在印度,有环境记者因为尝试揭发非法挖砂而丧命。基于可降低成本,一些进口国也鲜少过问砂石的来源是否合法。

中国对于南中国海的主权扩张,砂石的作用也少不了:用以建设可驻军的人造岛屿。

新加坡,世界最大的砂石进口国,进口来自印尼、大马、柬埔寨和泰国等地,大部分为非法采集的砂石,用以填海拓展国土面积达20巴仙。

新加坡在08年声称,仅从大马进口三百万吨砂石,不过根据大马政府数据则是1亿3300万吨,几乎都是非法走私的砂石。

柬埔寨旅游局官网展示的红树林景点。

随着大马和印尼禁止在环境保护区挖砂,柬埔寨成为新加坡最大沙石供应国,出口达5600万吨。但柬国以河维生渔民却因此付出代价,全东南亚面积最大的红树林,也积几近遭掏空。

非法采砂甚至导致印尼位于新加坡周边约80座小岛的面积缩小,造成海洋生态灾难。

从牙买加到印尼,许多偏远小地方居民,初时欢迎发展商来挖沙,因为带来就业机会;但是当他们发现挖砂破坏生态环境,渔获减少影响渔民生计,此时他们才发现挖砂的严重性,但此时都已为时已晚。

(报导来源:英国《卫报》)

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