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网红Nas Daily直指民主无法凑效 因投票者以个人情绪投票

by 林殊
14/08/2019
in 公民社会, 时事, 舆论
Reading Time: 1 min read
0

Alex Tan shares a personal side about his engagement. Donaldson Tan

今年四月旅居我国的知名网红“Nas Daily”亚新(Nuseir Yassin)近日发布最新视频,直指“大部分投票者并不了解如何投票,导致民主无法起到改变的作用。”

亚新认为目前的民主制度并不是最完善的,他说一直以来他认为“一人一票,改变政府”会将国家领向更好的未来,但现在他认为这样的想法存有漏洞。

他将投票者比喻为搭乘飞机的乘客,描绘如今的投票者是以个人情绪为判断,而且缺乏判断的知识。

他表示,“假设你今天要搭乘飞机,你和其他乘客必须以民主的方式筛选机长,而目前的候选人有两位。第一位候选人发表其政论:如果当选机长,会遵循航空法,带领各位乘客飞向3万英尺高空;第二位候选人则表示,如果当选机长,他会让乘客乘坐商务舱。而今,大部分人都容易被个人情绪主导,并在欠缺多元资讯和知识下作选择,自然而然地,他们会选择投向给予商务舱的人。

亚新断言,“民主将会判决一位不懂得驾乘飞机的机长当选,最终走向毁灭。”

民主失败是因为媒体与公民组织被打压

但亚新则没有特别强调的是,“机长”可以向乘客吹嘘的他想要表达的内容,如果“机长”没有特别向乘客吹嘘自己能给出什么,乘客也不会知道会得到什么。

这也是为什么“乘客”需要依赖如媒体的专业机构,针对“机长”的内容进行核对。如果专业机构能够根据“机长”的背景或飞行记录作调查,乘客也能从中获得资讯,随即踢爆“机长”荒谬的承诺。

这是亚新只字未提的重点:一个民主的运作,是仰赖具备知识和辨识能力的人民,为选出最好的候选人投票。反之,一个民主的失败则是因为媒体与公民组织被打压。

亚新在视频也提及另一个重点:当作许多课题和问题如关税、核武器、地缘政治、医疗保健、边界等都需要长时间和“真正的专家”解决。同样地,他沿用飞机的比喻表示,一个政府的经营就如同当上飞机师,会经历各种困难和累积多年的飞行经验。

他解释要成为一名“机师”可能需要花上10年的时间,但我们的政府却在每四年就更替,但其中的问题却需要长达20年来解决。因此,他主张民主是一个很好的想法,但并非是最好的解决策略。

视频中,他以中国和印度作为比较,指出中国政府以专政将300万人脱贫,但保有民主体系的印度则面临300万人以上的贫困状态。

“某方面而言,我不喜欢中国,但不得不说,他们确实通往成功的道路”他表示。

然而,这番话最具矛盾的重点是,尽管中国政府为百万人脱贫,但他们过去也因为执行专政,在未经过公开协商下,推动了“大跃进”(Great Leap Forward),导致数以百万计的人民被迫离开家园,并且连年饥荒而饿死,人民为了仅剩的食物而自相残杀。

也正是如此,人民的声音成为集体的力量,迫使中国政府停止并思考民意。尽管现在中国政府是一党独大,但在实施任何政策之前,中国政府仍需考虑民意。

但他仍强调,专制并不是可行之路。他提出代替民主的方案如专家政治论(technocracy)或知识精英制(epistocracy)。

专家政治论指技术专家政治又称专家政治,即以技术为首位的技术人员来治理社会,亦即以技术专家取代职业政治家的政治制度;知识精英制指 亦即让那些拥有更多知识的人来统治与参与投票

亚新认为,民主最大的漏洞在于,政治家透过制造虚假消息、谎言和派发免费金钱获得人民关注,“我们会投向给予我们商务舱的机长,即使他们不知道怎么飞行”。

“某知名人士说过,民主最好的体现就是能够利用五分钟和大众对话。”他引用。

然而,亚新对民主的抨击却过于简化问题。首先,民主的运行,需要各种工具的辅助方能体现它的好处,如法治或新闻言论自由,这些均有助于体现民主制度。若民主国家对法治没有明确的立场,或者不保有新闻与言论自由,民主就不能真正被体现。

将民主制度过于简单化,并未将政府文化和特征纳入讨论

另一方面,针对有限期限制的民主体系,同样是为了防止独裁政权崛起的最佳途径,好比说,美国对总统任期设下两届的限制,表示任何人均不允许执政超过8年。

过去,希特勒常常用作为体现民主失败的例子,因为他的崛起恰恰发生在一个民主国家,然而 ,人们经常遗忘,希特勒是有计划地拆除“民主”工具的人,他使用所有的暴政就是为了阻止任何人获得绝对的权力。

纳粹党在民主体制的德国中缓慢增长,通过消减公民权利、个人自由和新闻自由这些有预谋的、操纵性的举动,最终独吞政权,成为独裁的国家。

人们也经常将美国比喻为民主失败的例子,但考量选举投票制度,如果在总统大选的日子中,仅以最多选票的候选人获胜,而其选票则在各州显然分布不均时,这样的制度可能也未必是最好的例子。

因此,亚新虽然指出民主制度中的漏洞,但我们也不应迅速否定民主体制,尤其是在民主体制未被真正发挥作用的时代与其他因素作类比。

亚新在反对民主体制的论点上过于简单化,并狭隘票选领导者的过程,其观点并未纳入政府的文化和特征。

毕竟,将之作为测量民主制度的唯一标准,忽视任何政治文化和情境下,那么朝鲜领导人金正恩在全票通过下再次当选为领导人,也能被视作“一个正常运作的民主国家”?但别忘了如果有朝鲜人民胆敢投下反对票必然被对付。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eptxncnmRwE

 

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