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国际法律家委会:防假消息法不符国际司法标准

by Yee Loon
19/04/2019
in 新闻, 时事, 法律, 舆论, 言论自由
Reading Time: 1 min read
0

国际法律家委员会(International Commission of Jurists),致函我国领导李显龙及其阁僚,表达对我国《防止网络假消息及网络操纵》草案的高度关注,认为该法案“定义笼统”,在很多方面都不符合国际司法标准。

该委会律法和政策总监赛德曼( Ian Seiderman)代表委会,在本月12日致函我国总理李显龙、副总理张志贤和尚达曼、律政暨内政部长尚穆根以及议长陈川仁。

赛德曼先是指出,国际法律家委员会,认可新加坡政府采取措施对付假消息,因为假消息也会侵蚀国民的知情权和基本权利。

“不过,对于“防假消息法”可能本末倒置,更大程度地打压言论和信息自由,我们深表关切。法案条款存在显著的风险,可以被任意操纵以限制在公共领域,对公共利益等重要事项的讨论,也包括批判政府的内容。”

认可假消息破坏群众知情权

赛德曼在信中说,批判性的异议、观点的自由交流和发展、取得资讯的自由,对于维护知情的社会是必要的,同时确保对于公共利益议题的辩论透明、问责和知情权。

信函也列举联合国言论自由问题特别报告员大卫凯伊(David Kaye)在去年4月,对政府如何管理网络内容提供建议:

  1. 政府应避免严苛且主观的监管政策,管理网络内容的法规应“更有智慧”
  2. 由独立且中立的司法机构,依据司法标准、正当性和执法必要,对网络内容施以限制,且避免刑罚不成比例的制裁。
  3. 依据国际法律标准,任何对言论自由限制界限,都应在法律中明文规定,且仅限于必要和狭隘的特定目的,例如对保护国家安全和公共秩序,或保障他人权益和声誉等等。

法案定义过于笼统、宽松

但是,防假消息法在很多方面都“不合格”。赛德曼提到,防假消息法条规对于保障国家安全和公共秩序的限制,似乎是不必要且不相称的。例如对于“公共利益”(public interest)和“公共安宁”(public tranquility)二词,意义过于笼统,草案中缺乏明确定义。

国际法律家委会认为,法案的定义过于模糊和宽松,“有关法案也未能界定最关键的事项—例如何谓虚假事实和公共利益,这对于人们要准确理解法令、以规范他们自身的行为时,会有困难。”

与此同时,赛德曼警告,该草案等同放行让部长和政府机构滥用法令的真正风险。

即便尚穆根和通讯部长易华仁一再保障,批评、恶搞和讽喻不会被界定为假新闻,但是国际法律家委会提醒,这些都没有明文列在法案中,致使法案也可能被用来限制这些发言方式。

部长裁定权不受约束

与此同时,该委会认为部长和政府机构的裁定权利似乎不受约束,没有足够的司法监督机制以避免法律被滥用的风险。

“值得注意的是,涉事者申诉的第一管道仍是部长,而不是独立的司法机构。”

对此,该委会呼吁新加坡国会,在未有修改和修补法案的缺陷前,不要通过防假消息法。

国际法律家委员会乃是国际人权非政府组织,委员会由来自世界各地的60名高级法官、律师和学者等组成,负责世界各地人权调查和人权意见书的刊布。

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