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新法案赋予政府更大权力 假消息由部长判断

by Yee Loon
02/04/2019
in 国会, 新闻, 时事, 言论自由
Reading Time: 1 min read
0

Letter to ST forum page says it's better for "a few" to do time than "have the nation destroyed".

昨日,防止网络假消息和网络操纵法在国会经过一读。新法案赋予政府更大权力,可强制发出假消息的个人/网路平台,更正或撤下假新闻。不愿遵守指示的机构,可被判罚款高达100万元。

此外,恶意散播假消息、损害公共利益者,可被判坐牢长达10年、罚款最高10万元。

根据该法定义,任何包括论述、图像影音、数字或符号的声明,若整体或部分含有误导或不实,都属假消息。

值得注意的是,法案中并没有阐明,政府或相关机构如何定义、裁定如何归类假消息。

对于大部分假新闻,当局会发出更正指示,要求作者在涉事文章旁刊登更正,让受众自行辨识,作出判断。

但如果假消息影响过大,政府可要求作者把文章撤下,中断在新加坡的传播。若已广泛传播且难以一一删除,则政府会发出广泛的更正指示(general correction),要求主流媒体、社交媒体平台都刊登更正,向广大民众澄清事实真相。

若脸书、谷歌等平台成为假消息媒介,当局可要求他们刊登更正或屏蔽有关文章。

若有机器人(bots)创立的社媒账户散播假消息,当局也会要求有关平台关闭该假账号。

至于半年内一再刊登至少三则假消息、并接获更正指示的网站,则会被要求公告自己是假消息来源,不得获取广告收益和其他资金。

部长判断假消息

但值得注意的是,该法允许委任部长为负责应对假消息的主管部门委员或职务者,而主管部门则依据该法,落实部长给予的指示。

若部长认为基于公共利益,可指示主管部门对涉散播假消息者,发出更正指示。

根据通讯及新闻部长易华仁的说法, 各部长是判断假消息的最佳人选。不过,在大选期间,则需公布替代的人选。

防止网络假消息和网络操纵法懒人包

法案诠释的“公共利益”:

  1. 任何有关新加坡安全利益;
  2. 维护公共维生和公共财务,或确保公共秩序和安宁;
  3. 新加坡和其他国家的友好关系;
  4. 防止对总统、大选、补选或全民公投的选举结果造成任何影响;
  5. 防止在不同群体之间煽动仇恨或恶意,或;
  6. 防止公众对国家机关、政府机构、司法机构等部门的信心被削弱。
  • 在新加坡境内或境外,未遵从指示更正或撤下假消息,可被罚款不超过两万元或监禁12个月,或两者兼施。
  • 主流媒体、网络平台的刑罚较重,罚款不超过50万元;若被发现恶意散播假消息,则会被罚款最高100万元
  • 部长可指示资媒局(IMDA)采取合理行动,指示网络服务供应商屏蔽不愿撤下假消息的平台。

不包含个人观点和批评

据了解,个人看法、批评、讽刺(satire)或恶搞(parody)不被归类为假消息, 但如何定义仍有许多模糊地带,且部长似乎被赋予相当大的权限,来定义假消息。

目前法案没有追溯力,无法追究在法案生效前的假消息,但若涉事者重新刊载旧的假消息,当局则可引用此法对付。

律政部文告则指出,法院仍有判断真伪的最终决定权,法院上诉结果可推翻政府对假消息的任何决定。内政部暨律政部长尚穆根则否认国人的言论自由会受到新法的影响。

 

 

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