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批评富人享低税 乐施会:26富豪财富等于全球最贫一半人口财产总和

by Yee Loon
22/01/2019
in 人权, 劳工, 新闻, 时事
Reading Time: 1 min read
0

图源:乐施会官网

“你的孩子能上几年学,或是你能活多久,都不应该由你的银行账户来决定——然而,这是全球很多国家正面临的现实。当大企业和超级巨富享受低税率的同时,数百万女童无法获得良好教育、妇女因缺乏助产医疗服务而死亡。”

国际慈善组织乐施会(Oxfam)执行总干事温妮 ‧ 拜安伊玛(Winnie Byanyima)如是指出。

乐施会在昨日于瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛开幕前,发表报告《公共服务:普惠全民还是偏待私利?》,警惕全球贫富失衡越发严重,全球最富裕的26位顶级富豪的财富,就相当于世界一半最贫穷人口(38亿人)的财富总和。

最贫困人口财富减少11巴仙

乐施会的文告指出,去年全球亿万富豪的财富增长了12巴仙,即平均每天增加25亿美元,而全球最贫困50%人口的财富却减少11巴仙。

图源:乐施会报告

亿万富豪人数自金融危机以来,几乎翻了一番。

在2017-2018年期间,几乎每2天就新增1位亿万富豪。然而,富人和大企业如今支付的税率却是几十年以来的最低水平:

• 让1巴仙最富有人口,额外支付0.5%的财富税,筹集的资金就相当于全球2.62亿失学儿童一年的教育费用,还同时能提供可挽救330万人生命的医疗服务;

• 2015年,在每1美元全球税收收入中,仅有4美分来自于针对遗产或财产等财富的税收。在很多发达国家,这类税收被持续削减甚至被废除,而发展中国家几乎都没有类似的税种;

• 富人和大企业的税率也一直被大幅削减。例如,发达国家的最高个人收入所得税率在1970年是62巴仙,到2013年已降至38巴仙,而贫困国家的平均个人所得税的税率则是28巴仙;

• 在巴西等一些国家,如今最贫困10巴仙人口所支付的税款在其收入中所占的比重,远比最富有10巴仙人口的更高。

贫富不均女性受打击最严重

报告批评,各国政府对医疗和教育等公共服务没有投入足够的资金,因而极大地加剧了不平等的情况。而另一方面,政府对大企业和富人征税不足,更未能解决避税等问题。报告还发现,在日益严峻的经济不平等环境中,女性所受的打击最为沉重。

与此同时,公共服务却长期资金不足。有的公共服务直接被外包给私营企业去经营,而私营企业却把最贫穷人口排除在外。在很多国家,良好的教育或优质的医疗都变成了只有富人才负担得起的奢侈品。每一天,都有1万人因为无法获得医疗服务而失去生命。

在发展中国家,贫困家庭孩子5岁以前死亡率是富裕家庭孩子的2倍。在肯尼亚,富裕家庭子女接受教育的时间平均为贫穷家庭子女的2倍。

建议政府聆听民意

乐施会认为,政府应聆听民意,采取有效行动减少不平等。各国政府应制定出具体、有时限的目标和行动计划,以减少不平等,这也是各国对联合国可持续发展目标(SDG)10,关于“减少国家内部和国家之间的不平等”的承诺。

这些计划应包含以下三个领域的行动:

  1.  针对妇女和女孩,提供普惠性的免费医疗、教育和其它公共服务。停止支持公共服务私有化。为所有人提供养老金、儿童福利和其它社会保障。确保所有服务也能提供给妇女和女孩。
  2. 将妇女们从每日数百万小时的无偿家务和看护工作中解放出来。让那些从事这项重要工作的人在预算决策中能有发言权,并将解放妇女无偿劳动时间作为政府开支的关键目标之一。投资于水、电和儿童保育等公共服务,以减少这些无偿工作所需的时间。调整公共服务,使之能满足那些业余时间很少人群的需要。
  3. 终止对富豪及大公司课税过低。更公允地对财富和资本征税。停止(政府)在征收个人所得税和企业税时的竞次行为。消灭公司和超级富豪的避税、逃税行为。达成一套新的全球规则和体系,以从根本上重新设计税收体系,使之公平。并且,确保
    发展中国家在议事桌前拥有平等的一席之地。
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