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韩法院判因良心拒服兵役者 以民事替代役报国

by Yee Loon
15/08/2018
in 政治, 新闻
Reading Time: 4 mins read
0

昨日(14日),国际特赦组织(Amnesty International)在官网发布一则消息:韩国宪法法院于6月下达的一个判决,有望终结该国监禁出于良心拒服兵役者的政策。

南韩《兵役法》规定,身体健全男性在28岁前都要服兵役,否则将被判最高三年监禁。不过当地法院裁定,虽然拒服兵役违宪,但政府应让这些“良心犯”用其他方式服务国家。

这意味着,韩国立法机构特别是国防部,必须在2019年底前修法,让出狱良心拒服兵役者,可参与其他民事性质的替代役。

韩国法院的判决相信能成为先例,成为其他仍实行强制兵役的国家包括新加坡的借镜,提供另一折衷方式,即确保国民履行对国家义务,同时也尊重那些基于信仰或拒绝武装信念者的人权立场。

“多年来,国际特赦组织支持者和其他公民社会组织一直开展倡导运动,呼吁韩国停止将出于良心拒服兵役者定罪。”

国际公约认可

出于良心拒服兵役的权利,受到《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十八条保障。该条文保障思想、良心和宗教或信仰自由的权利。这一权利包括信奉或皈依自主选 择的宗教或信仰的自由,以及单独或集体、公开或非公开地通过敬拜、遵奉、实 践和教导表明其宗教或信仰的自由。

尽管《公约》没有明确提到出于良心拒服兵役的权利,但人权事务委员会在 1993 年指出,从第十八条可以引申出出于良心 拒服兵役的权利,因为使用致命武力的义务可能与良心自由和表达自身宗教或信 仰的权利发生严重冲突。

在去年6月,联合国人权事务高级专员针对出于良心拒服兵役,发布经四年分析整理的报告,该报告获得19个成员国、六个国家人权机构和18个非政府组织提供资料。

报告揭露,一些尚未批准《公约》的国家,不承认出于良心拒服兵役的权利具有普遍适 用性。例如,新加坡认为,人权理事会第 20/2 号决议, 超出了国际法和适用的人权文书所规定的范围。

新加坡:国家安全优先

它还指出,《世界人权宣言》第二十九条承认,个人权利和自由的行使受到符合公共秩序和社会一般福利的要求的限制。

新加坡虽在1965年成为联合国成员国,但表明国防是国际法规定的基本主权权利,如果个人信仰或行为,与这种权利背道而驰,维护国家安全的权利必须优先。

新加坡实行强制性兵役,不承认国民有依良心拒绝服兵役的权利。目前,在本国因良心拒服兵役者,多位新加坡耶和华见证人信徒。

如果他们一旦被监禁,将强制拘留在军营长达15个月,期限到了获释,但如果仍拒绝服役,还是会受到军事法庭审判,最多监禁24个月。

根据耶和华见证人官网揭露,其中一名新加坡青年杨运生,在2016年10月11日被征召入伍,他向当局表达基于良心拒绝服役的立场,并多次请求非军事性质替代役。

青年拒服兵役被判15月徒刑

然而,军方以杨运生诉求没有法律依据为由,让他在2016年11月18日在军事法庭受审。即便主动提出愿服替代役,法官仍驳回他的请求,判他15个月有期徒刑。

直到今年服完刑期后,他在年3月7日仍受军事法庭审问,他的替代役请求也再度被驳回,再判以另外15个月有期徒刑,直至明年4月10日刑满。他目前在新加坡武装部队拘留所服刑。

值得关注的是,杨运生弟弟杨正业,也面对同样遭遇,因良心拒服兵役而被判12个月有期徒刑。

根据耶和华见证人官网整理一份名单显示,仅在今年,就有10名新加坡信徒因良心拒服兵役而被监禁。

新加坡耶和华见证人信徒因良心拒服兵役历年事件:
  1. 2018​年​6​月​15​日

    共有​10​位​耶和華見證人​依​良心​拒​服​兵役​而​坐牢。

  2. 2013​年​11​月

    18​個​耶和華見證人​因為​良心​的​緣故​拒​服​兵役​而​被​監禁。

  3. 2002​年​4​月​24​日

    新加坡​政府​官員​強調​新加坡​不​會​承認​依​良心​拒​服​兵役​的​權利。

  4. 1995​年​2​月

    新加坡​政府​對​耶和華見證人​的​壓迫​加劇,並​逮捕​他們。

  5. 1994​年​8​月​8​日

    新加坡​的​最​高​法院​拒絕​接受​耶和華見證人​的​上訴。

  6. 1972​年​1​月​12​日

    新加坡​撤銷​耶和華見證人​宗教​團體​的​登記。

我国政府对于服兵役向来少有通融,不论是基于追求个人理想暂缓服役(如新生球星戴维斯)还是基于良心拒绝服役,能成功缓役者少之又少,更甭说拒绝当兵。

国防部2018财政年度的预算是147亿6200万元,2017财政年度则为142亿零700万元。国防部长黄永宏说,过去国防预算曾一度占我国总支出的三分之一,现已降至19巴仙。且国家强大空军(近百架先进攻击战机)足以震慑和先行打击威胁。然而,相比有明确潜在国防威胁的南韩,我国虽政府虽强制要求国民服役,且一再强调国家主权和危机云云,却一直说不清楚国家假想敌在哪。

在韩国,大部分的良心拒服兵役者为耶和华见证人。在该国,因良心拒服兵役而入狱的人数,比世界上其他国家的总和还要多,目前,逾600名20至24岁的男性在狱中服刑。良心拒服兵役不是罪。国际特赦组织继续呼吁韩国政府停止惩罚良心拒服兵役者,尊重他们的思想、良心及宗教信仰自由。

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