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世界排名149 新加坡缩小社会贫富差距不力

by Yee Loon
09/10/2018
in Main story, 专题, 新闻, 时事, 财经
Reading Time: 1 min read
0

国际慈善组织乐施会(Oxfam)于今日公布乐施会降低贫富不均指数,显示我国、尼日利亚和印度,社会中超级富豪和低收入阶层鸿沟扩大,在缩小贫富差距的努力上成效不彰,排名倒数十名。

该指数乃针对世界157各国家,对缩小贫富差距的努力作出排名,我国排名第149,尼日利亚因缩减贫富差距最为不力,排名垫底。

至于韩国、格鲁吉亚和印尼,从社会开支、税收和劳工权益着手,因致力改善贫富差距获赞扬。

乐施会提醒,贫富不均已达到严峻水平,世界最富有的1巴仙人口,却坐享2016至2017年中期生产的八成财富,但是最贫穷的一半人口的财富几乎没有任何增长。

解决贫富不均取决于政治意愿

这份指数是在巴厘岛举行的世界银行与国际货币基金会组织年会上发布,各国财政部长和央行行长皆齐聚此会。

在缩小贫富差距努力上,倒数十名的国家,包括新加坡。(图源:2018贫富差距指数报告)

乐施会指出,要解决贫富不均问题乃取决于政治意愿,而非国家是否富有。

“新加坡是世界上最富有国家之一,但排名倒数第九,其便于避税的措施乃是部分因素。再者没有定制最低薪资,保障劳工权益不力。”

避税政策致政府消贫资金不足

报告指出,新加坡增加个人所得税达2巴仙,但是对于收入最多者的最高征税率仍维持22巴仙。再者,一些不利措施也导致一些大企业,在我国可以在海外避开数十亿元的税收,致使政府没有足够的资金解决贫富不均问题。

与此同时,对于社会开支仍相对很低- 只有39巴仙花在教育、医疗和社会保障上,不如南韩和泰国,一半开支都花在这三个项目。

新加坡在2017/18年,海拔教育开支削减达5巴仙,当时是世上对教育开支削减最多的国家。

“在保障劳工权益方面,新加坡排名71。除了清洁工和保安,没有为其他劳工制定最低薪资;女性劳工未获平等支薪,对于性侵和性骚扰的法律保障仍不足。”

报告认为,新加坡理应在解决国内和全球贫富不均,发挥更重要的作用。乐施会贫富不均政策主任Max Lawson建议我国,采取措施加强劳工权益,制定反歧视法令和增加家庭收入,新加坡有能力弥合不均的鸿沟。

改善税政,不做全球富人避税港

他补充,如果新加坡能终止不良的税务政策,改善全球贫富不均状况,将对全球发出强烈讯息,因为现有税务政策, 俨然把新加坡变成了富人逃税的避风港。

“也许目前新加坡促使全球贫富不均问题日益严重,但同时也能成化作解决方案的推手。”

另一方面,排名第56的南韩,则在去年把最低薪资调高16.4巴仙;排名49的格鲁吉亚则扩大教育开销达6巴仙,比其他国家还多。

丹麦因落实累进税制、社会开支和劳工保障,使之荣登缩小贫富差距最得力国家之首。不过乐施会也提醒,该国近期的行政措施正侵蚀良政,该国贫富差距情况正提升。

排名81的中国把印度(排名147)远远抛在后头,该国华仔医疗的开支是印度的双倍,福利开支差距达四倍。

社会开支过低、税务不佳,加之一再侵害劳工权益,致使尼日利亚有10巴仙的儿童在5岁前早夭。

乐施会警告各国领袖,若照此下去,可能无法达成2030年缩小贫富差距的宏愿,各国有必要提出方案缩小贫富鸿沟,例如透过累进税收和减少避税。

乐施会总事Winnie Bynymima批评,该会眼见许多儿童因为缺乏医疗资金,而死于原本可预防的疾病,与此同时,赋予富有企业和个人却能避开数以亿计的税收。

“那些政府宣称致力消除贫穷和社会贫富不均,那么这份指数则评估他们当前是否有履行承诺。”

降低贫富不均指数,也纳入妇女暴力的指标,其中有半数国家,竟没有足够法律保障被性骚扰和性侵的妇女。

新闻来源:路透社、《乐施会2018年缩小贫富差距指数报告》

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