Friday, 29 September 2023

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一窥马国选举制度 投票结束当场唱票

新加坡选举部在本月10日提呈选举修法建议,其中一些修法充满疑点,例如如果已封箱的投票箱已损毁或遗失,箱内票数尽数忽略,须在三个月内在受影响的投票站,重新召开投票。

民主党曾对此发文告质疑,为何不直接在投票站,在朝野计票员的见证下算票,其他国家的选举流程也是这么做。

远的不说,刚刚经历了第14届全国大选的邻国马来西亚,他们的选举制度是怎样的呢?

马来西亚实行君主立宪制,议会左为立法机构,仿效英国的西敏寺制度,由最高元首和上下议院组成。

上议院70议席,不过皆是委任制,而下议院国会议席才是民选的。下议院每五年选举一次,国会解散后,选举委员会需在60天内举行选举。

选举候选人决胜,则采取简单多数制/头马赢家通吃制(First-past-the-post),意即赢者全拿,即便某候选人得票率仅超过对手1巴仙,他仍是赢家。这种制度仍存在弊病,因为一些选区常陷入多角战,假设一选区有1000选民投票,有4候选人,A候选人的得票率仅310张,B得票290张,C和D各得两百张,即使候选人B、C和D得票总得超过A,但却是候选人A当选,为此有人质疑简单多数无法反映真实民意。

在希盟政府上台后,正逐步落实选举制度改革,例如把原本隶属于首相署的选举委员会分割出来,直接向国会负责。同时,也把投票年龄降低到18岁,有意让更多年轻选民参与公共决策。

公民组织注重PACA

基于过去出现许多舞弊状况,马国公民组织渐渐将重心放在培训监票员和计票员(PACA)。

这是因为,假设一选区选民10万,就至少需要342位监票员。如果没有足够的监票员代表候选人,在每个投票教室(SALURAN)监督投票过程,就有可能出现”做手脚“的状况。

监票员的责任,也包括核对选民名单。马国一间投票教室有700选民,课室书记和监票员各有一本选民名册。书记会念进来投票的选民名字,监票员就从选民册中删掉已投票的选民,藉此可避免选民名字被盗用,重复投票的情况发生。

投票结束即在课室算票

投票日当天,选民的投票时间是从早上8点至傍晚五点,偏远地区则视情况而定。五点后投票站就关门,每间课室就开始算票。

这时,各候选人计票员(Counting agent)就扮演很重要作用。他们会见证课室书记计算选票总数,再计算各候选人得票。

书记需要向计票员或候选人代表,展示每一张选票,并在计票员同意下,放入各候选人的得票篮筐。对于损坏选票、选票结果不明确,计票员有权提出抗议,书记则必须把争议选票放入另一篮筐。

在计票结束后,由投票室主任判定争议选票是否有效。若作废,选票上则盖上”Ditolak“,放入废票篮筐。

在逐一算出各政党得票数后,若所有人都没异议,就会由投票室主任(KTM)在重要的表格14(BORANG 14)上填写该投票课室成绩。副本也交由计票员签字。表格14,就是承认此投票室的正式计票结果。

每个投票站的得票总数,就是各投票课室的总和。各投票站的票箱到了计票中心,就不会再开箱验票了。

当计票中心接到所有选区投票室的表格14后,总选举官才会宣布该选区选举成绩。

 

马国人民对监票员的重要做了精辟的解释:

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